Which gardening technique involves creating miniature landscapes using dwarf plants?

The correct answer refers to the technique known as bonsai. This art form involves cultivating small trees and plants in such a way that they mimic the shape and scale of full-sized trees. It requires specialized pruning and training methods to limit the growth of the plants while maintaining their natural beauty and proportion. Practitioners often begin with a young sapling and carefully shape it over many years, focusing on limits of height and foliage spread.

The other options represent different gardening styles and techniques that do not focus specifically on dwarf plants or miniature landscapes. Terrarium gardening involves creating enclosed environments for plants, typically utilizing a variety of plant sizes but not specifically dwarf species. Succulent arrangements may include small-sized plants but are not confined to creating a miniature landscape, as they can vary widely in aesthetic and scale. Vertical gardening is a method of growing plants in vertically stacked layers or on structures, emphasizing space-saving rather than dwarfing techniques.